Exploring the Types of Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps are among the most commonly used pumps in industries today. Their simple design, reliable performance, and efficiency make them a preferred choice for transferring liquids in sectors like water treatment, chemical processing, oil and gas, food manufacturing, and many more.

In this guide, we’ll explore the different types of centrifugal pumps, their classification, and how to choose the right one for your application.

What Is a Centrifugal Pump?

A centrifugal pump works by converting mechanical energy from a motor into kinetic energy to move fluid. The pump impeller rotates rapidly, drawing liquid into the center and pushing it outward through centrifugal force. This process creates continuous flow, making these pumps ideal for handling large volumes of fluid efficiently.

Because of their robust design and low maintenance requirements, centrifugal pumps are used in a variety of applications — from irrigation and HVAC systems to heavy-duty industrial operations.

Classification of Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps can be classified in several ways based on their construction and working principle. Understanding this classification helps in identifying the most suitable pump type for your process.

1. Based on Flow Direction

Radial Flow Pump:
In this type, liquid moves perpendicular to the pump shaft. These pumps are commonly used in applications requiring high head and low flow, such as boiler feed or high-pressure cleaning systems.
Axial Flow Pump:
Fluid flows parallel to the pump shaft. These pumps are designed for low head and high flow applications, like circulation or drainage systems.
Mixed Flow Pump:
As the name suggests, it combines both radial and axial characteristics. The fluid flow is partially parallel and partially perpendicular to the shaft, suitable for moderate head and high flow conditions.

2. Based on Casing Design

Single Volute Pump:
The simplest design, where liquid is directed into a single volute casing. Suitable for small or medium-capacity pumps.
Double Volute Pump:
Contains two separate volute passages to balance radial forces on the impeller, extending the pump’s service life and improving performance under higher loads.

3. Based on Impeller Stages

Single Stage Pump:
Contains one impeller. Ideal for general applications such as water supply, irrigation, and transfer systems.
Multistage Pump:
Includes multiple impellers arranged in series to build up higher pressure. Common in high-rise buildings, boiler feed systems, and reverse osmosis plants.

4. Based on Shaft Orientation

Horizontal Centrifugal Pump:
Features a horizontal shaft, easy to install and maintain. It’s widely used in industrial plants and process systems.
Vertical Centrifugal Pump:
The motor and pump are vertically aligned. Suitable for limited space and sump or underground installations.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps

Now that we’ve covered the classifications, let’s look at the most popular centrifugal pump types used in industries today.

1. End Suction Pump

This is the most common centrifugal pump design. The fluid enters through the impeller eye axially and exits radially.
Applications: Water transfer, HVAC, and general industrial services.
Advantages: Simple design, cost-effective, and easy maintenance.

2. Split Case Pump

The casing is split horizontally or vertically, allowing easy access to internal components for maintenance.
Applications: Large water distribution systems, irrigation, and cooling water systems.
Advantages: High efficiency, long life, and minimal vibration.

3. Vertical Inline Pump

This compact design has suction and discharge nozzles on the same axis, saving space and simplifying piping.
Applications: HVAC systems, cooling towers, and process industries.
Advantages: Space-saving and efficient for inline installations.

4. Multistage Centrifugal Pump

Designed with multiple impellers in series, this pump can generate high pressure even with low flow rates.
Applications: Pressure boosting, boiler feed, and mining operations.
Advantages: High head, energy-efficient, and durable under pressure.

5. Submersible Pump

Completely submerged in the liquid it pumps, a submersible centrifugal pump eliminates suction issues.
Applications: Drainage, sewage handling, and deep well pumping.
Advantages: Self-priming, silent operation, and minimal maintenance.

6. Self-Priming Centrifugal Pump

Equipped with a priming chamber, it can automatically remove air from the suction line and start pumping without manual priming.
Applications: Dewatering, wastewater handling, and portable systems.
Advantages: Quick start, easy installation, and reliable operation.

What Are the 3 Main Types of Centrifugal Pumps?

In practical terms, centrifugal pumps are often categorized into three main types based on flow direction:

Radial Flow Pumps – Best for high head, low flow applications.
Axial Flow Pumps – Suitable for high flow, low head applications.
Mixed Flow Pumps – Ideal for medium head and flow.

Understanding these core types helps engineers and operators choose the right design for each unique fluid handling task.

Applications of Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps are incredibly versatile and serve multiple industries, including:

Water Supply and Distribution
Agriculture and Irrigation
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processing
Oil & Gas Operations
HVAC and Building Services
Food and Beverage Manufacturing

Their adaptability makes them the backbone of fluid transfer in almost every industrial setup.

How to Select the Right Centrifugal Pump

Choosing the right centrifugal pump depends on several performance factors. Always consider:

Flow Rate (Q): The volume of liquid the pump must move.
Head (H): The total pressure or height the pump must overcome.
Fluid Type: Clean water, slurry, corrosive chemicals, or viscous fluids.
Temperature & Pressure Requirements
Pump Efficiency and Maintenance Needs

Consulting a trusted pump manufacturer in India like MKFlow ensures you get a reliable, efficient, and application-specific pump solution.

Advantages of Using Centrifugal Pumps

Simple and robust design
Continuous, smooth flow
Easy installation and maintenance
Cost-effective operation
Wide range of materials and configurations

Conclusion

Centrifugal pumps play a vital role in almost every industry, ensuring efficient and reliable liquid transfer. By understanding the types and classifications of centrifugal pumps, users can select the best option for their process requirements.

Whether you need an end suction pump, split case, or multistage centrifugal pump, MKFlow offers high-quality, durable solutions engineered for superior performance and long service life.

Frequently Asking Questions

1. What are the different types of centrifugal pumps?
The main types of centrifugal pumps include end suction pumps, split case pumps, vertical inline pumps, multistage pumps, and submersible pumps. Each type serves a specific application based on flow rate, head, and installation conditions.

2. What are the 3 main types of centrifugal pumps?
The three main centrifugal pump types are radial flow, axial flow, and mixed flow pumps. They differ in how the liquid moves through the impeller and are classified based on flow direction.

3. Which type of centrifugal pump is most commonly used?
The end suction centrifugal pump is the most common type used across industries. It’s simple, cost-effective, and ideal for general-purpose applications like water transfer and circulation.

4. What is the classification of centrifugal pumps based on impellers?
Centrifugal pumps are classified into single-stage and multistage pumps based on the number of impellers. Single-stage pumps have one impeller, while multistage pumps use multiple impellers to achieve higher pressure.

5. How do I choose the right centrifugal pump for my application?
To select the right pump, consider factors like flow rate, head requirement, fluid type, and operating conditions. For expert guidance and reliable products, you can consult trusted pump manufacturers like MKFlow.